fix(cli): support arm64 hosts for --docker render (#1196)

* fix(cli): support arm64 hosts for `--docker` render

The Docker render path pinned `--platform linux/amd64` for both build
and run, which on Apple Silicon / Graviton forced qemu emulation of
chrome-headless-shell. The emulated chrome process either SEGV'd or
hung on page navigation, producing the failures reported in #1193 /
#1194 / #1195.

Derive the platform from `process.arch` instead. On arm64 hosts:

- The image builds natively (no qemu).
- The Dockerfile skips the chrome-headless-shell install because
  Chrome for Testing only publishes a `linux64` build (verified
  against the known-good-versions manifest).
- The wrapper script leaves `PRODUCER_HEADLESS_SHELL_PATH` unset
  when no headless-shell binary is present, so the engine falls
  back to the system chromium that the Dockerfile already
  installs from apt and points at via `PUPPETEER_EXECUTABLE_PATH`.

`TARGETARCH` is forwarded as an explicit `--build-arg` instead of
relying on BuildKit's automatic platform args — the legacy
builder (and some BuildKit configs, including colima on macOS)
leaves it unset, which would silently bypass the arch conditional
in the Dockerfile.

Image tags are now suffixed with `-arm64` on arm64 hosts so amd64
and arm64 images of the same hyperframes version can coexist in
the local cache.

The arm64 path renders correctly but loses byte-for-byte parity
with amd64 (system chromium uses screenshot capture, not
HeadlessExperimental.beginFrame). The CLI prints a one-line
warning so users comparing against amd64 baselines know.

Verified on macOS 26.5 / M4 Max:

- Before: `qemu: unknown option 'type=gpu-process'` followed by a
  chrome-headless-shell SIGSEGV after ~4 minutes.
- After: 300/300 frames captured in ~18s of render time (1m18s
  wallclock including a one-time image build), MP4 produced.

Closes #1193
Closes #1194
Closes #1195

* fix(cli): address review feedback on docker arm64 fix

Follow-up to 61880cdc. Addresses one substantive review comment from
@vanceingalls and three self-review gaps.

1. Restore loud build failure on amd64 when chrome-headless-shell is
   missing (per @vanceingalls). The original Dockerfile used an `&&`
   chain that crashed the build if `find` returned empty; the new
   `if/else` wrapper silently fell through to system chromium even on
   amd64, which would mask golden-baseline regressions from a future
   @puppeteer/browsers cache layout change. The else branch now checks
   `TARGETARCH = amd64` and exits 1 with an actionable error, while
   arm64 still falls through to the system-chromium wrapper cleanly.

2. Add `HYPERFRAMES_DOCKER_PLATFORM` env override. The fix derives
   platform from `process.arch`, which silently picks the wrong arch
   in three real-world cases: x64 Node under Rosetta on Apple Silicon
   (re-triggers issue #1193), parity-regen for amd64 golden baselines
   on an arm64 host, and DOCKER_HOST pointing at a remote daemon with
   a different arch. Empty/whitespace override is a no-op (falls back
   to arch detection) so `export FOO=""` doesn't pin platform to "".

3. Fail fast when `--gpu` is requested on arm64. Docker Desktop on
   Apple Silicon doesn't implement `--gpus` passthrough; the previous
   code would crash at `docker run` with an opaque device-driver
   error. We now short-circuit with errorBox pointing at the env
   override as the workaround.

4. Close the test gap on the default-arch resolution. Every previous
   test passed `arch` explicitly; a refactor that dropped the
   `= process.arch` default would pass all tests but break every arm64
   host at runtime. Added one assertion that calls
   `resolveDockerPlatform()` with no args, plus coverage for the env
   override.

The new arm64 platform-checking logic is extracted into
`resolveDockerHostPlatform()` so `renderDocker` itself stays focused
on the build/run wiring (and below the fallow complexity gate).

Test plan:
- `bunx vitest run packages/cli/src/utils/dockerRunArgs.test.ts` — 31 passed (was 27).
- `bunx vitest run packages/cli` — 647 passed (was 643).
- E2E on macOS 26.5 / M4 Max: deleted the cached arm64 image, ran
  `--docker --quality draft --workers 1` against the blank scaffold —
  300/300 frames in 1m1s wallclock, MP4 produced.

packages/cli/src/commands/render.ts

@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ import { maybePromptRenderFeedback } from "../telemetry/feedback.js";
 import { bytesToMb } from "../telemetry/system.js";
 import { VERSION } from "../version.js";
 import { isDevMode } from "../utils/env.js";
-import { buildDockerRunArgs } from "../utils/dockerRunArgs.js";
+import { buildDockerRunArgs, resolveDockerPlatform } from "../utils/dockerRunArgs.js";
 import { normalizeErrorMessage } from "../utils/errorMessage.js";
 import { findFFmpeg, getFFmpegInstallHint } from "../browser/ffmpeg.js";
 import type { RenderJob } from "@hyperframes/producer";
@@ -632,15 +632,23 @@ function dockerImageExists(tag: string): boolean {
   }
 }
 
-function ensureDockerImage(version: string, quiet: boolean): string {
+function dockerImageTagForPlatform(version: string, platform: string): string {
-  const tag = dockerImageTag(version);
+  // Suffix the tag with the arch so amd64 and arm64 images of the same
+  // hyperframes version coexist in the local cache (a developer who flips
+  // between hosts shouldn't have to rebuild).
+  const archSuffix = platform === "linux/arm64" ? "-arm64" : "";
+  return `${dockerImageTag(version)}${archSuffix}`;
+}
+
+function ensureDockerImage(version: string, platform: string, quiet: boolean): string {
+  const tag = dockerImageTagForPlatform(version, platform);
 
   if (dockerImageExists(tag)) {
     if (!quiet) console.log(c.dim(`  Docker image: ${tag} (cached)`));
     return tag;
   }
 
-  if (!quiet) console.log(c.dim(`  Building Docker image: ${tag}...`));
+  if (!quiet) console.log(c.dim(`  Building Docker image: ${tag} (${platform})...`));
 
   const dockerfilePath = resolveDockerfilePath();
 
@@ -649,16 +657,27 @@ function ensureDockerImage(version: string, quiet: boolean): string {
   mkdirSync(tmpDir, { recursive: true });
   writeFileSync(join(tmpDir, "Dockerfile"), readFileSync(dockerfilePath));
 
-  // linux/amd64 forced — chrome-headless-shell doesn't ship ARM Linux binaries
+  // Platform is now derived from the host arch (see resolveDockerPlatform).
+  // Apple Silicon and other arm64 hosts get a native linux/arm64 build; the
+  // Dockerfile skips chrome-headless-shell on arm64 and falls back to system
+  // chromium because chrome-headless-shell ships linux64 only.
+  //
+  // TARGETARCH is passed explicitly rather than relying on BuildKit's
+  // automatic platform args because the legacy builder (and some BuildKit
+  // configurations like colima 0.6.x) leaves it unset, which would defeat
+  // the arch conditional in the Dockerfile.
+  const targetArch = platform === "linux/arm64" ? "arm64" : "amd64";
   try {
     execFileSync(
       "docker",
       [
         "build",
         "--platform",
-        "linux/amd64",
+        platform,
         "--build-arg",
         `HYPERFRAMES_VERSION=${version}`,
+        "--build-arg",
+        `TARGETARCH=${targetArch}`,
         "-t",
         tag,
         tmpDir,
@@ -676,6 +695,47 @@ function ensureDockerImage(version: string, quiet: boolean): string {
   return tag;
 }
 
+/**
+ * Resolves the Docker `--platform` for this host and enforces the constraints
+ * that come with it — keeping that policy out of `renderDocker` so the
+ * orchestrator stays focused on build/run wiring. May terminate the process
+ * via errorBox on unrecoverable mismatches (e.g. --gpu on arm64).
+ */
+function resolveDockerHostPlatform(options: RenderOptions): string {
+  const platform = resolveDockerPlatform();
+
+  // Docker Desktop on Apple Silicon (and colima with VZ) doesn't implement
+  // the `--gpus` host-passthrough flag, so requesting `--gpu` on a linux/arm64
+  // container fails at `docker run` with an opaque device-driver error. Catch
+  // it early with actionable guidance.
+  if (options.gpu && platform === "linux/arm64") {
+    errorBox(
+      "--gpu is not supported with --docker on arm64 hosts",
+      "Docker Desktop/colima on Apple Silicon doesn't expose --gpus host passthrough to linux/arm64 containers.",
+      "Drop --gpu, or run a native (non-Docker) render on this host, or set HYPERFRAMES_DOCKER_PLATFORM=linux/amd64 if you need GPU encoding (slow under qemu but works).",
+    );
+    process.exit(1);
+  }
+
+  if (!options.quiet && platform === "linux/arm64") {
+    // chrome-headless-shell doesn't publish a linux-arm64 build, so the arm64
+    // image falls back to system chromium. That loses byte-for-byte parity
+    // with amd64 renders — fine for end-user output, not fine if you're
+    // comparing against an amd64 golden baseline. Set
+    // HYPERFRAMES_DOCKER_PLATFORM=linux/amd64 to keep parity (qemu-emulated,
+    // slower).
+    console.log(
+      c.dim(
+        "  Host is arm64 — using linux/arm64 image with system chromium " +
+          "(output won't be byte-identical to amd64 renders; " +
+          "set HYPERFRAMES_DOCKER_PLATFORM=linux/amd64 to force parity).",
+      ),
+    );
+  }
+
+  return platform;
+}
+
 async function renderDocker(
   projectDir: string,
   outputPath: string,
@@ -689,9 +749,11 @@ async function renderDocker(
     console.log(c.dim("  Dev mode: using hyperframes@latest in Docker image"));
   }
 
+  const platform = resolveDockerHostPlatform(options);
+
   let imageTag: string;
   try {
-    imageTag = ensureDockerImage(dockerVersion, options.quiet);
+    imageTag = ensureDockerImage(dockerVersion, platform, options.quiet);
   } catch (error: unknown) {
     const message = error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error);
     const isDockerMissing = /connect|not found|ENOENT/i.test(message);
@@ -712,6 +774,7 @@ async function renderDocker(
     projectDir: resolve(projectDir),
     outputDir: resolve(outputDir),
     outputFilename,
+    platform,
     options: {
       fps: options.fps,
       quality: options.quality,

packages/cli/src/docker/Dockerfile.render

@@ -1,6 +1,10 @@
 FROM node:22-bookworm-slim
 
 ARG HYPERFRAMES_VERSION=latest
+# Set automatically by `docker build --platform` (BuildKit); we use it to
+# decide whether to install chrome-headless-shell, which only ships for
+# linux64 (see https://googlechromelabs.github.io/chrome-for-testing/).
+ARG TARGETARCH=amd64
 
 RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
     ca-certificates curl unzip ffmpeg chromium \
@@ -16,16 +20,38 @@ ENV PUPPETEER_SKIP_CHROMIUM_DOWNLOAD=true
 ENV PUPPETEER_EXECUTABLE_PATH=/usr/bin/chromium
 ENV CONTAINER=true
 
-RUN npx --yes @puppeteer/browsers install chrome-headless-shell@stable \
+# chrome-headless-shell unlocks BeginFrame-based deterministic capture but the
-      --path /root/.cache/puppeteer
+# project only publishes a linux64 binary. On arm64 we skip the install and
+# let the engine fall back to system chromium (set via
+# PUPPETEER_EXECUTABLE_PATH above). The wrapper script below only sets
+# PRODUCER_HEADLESS_SHELL_PATH when the binary is actually present.
+RUN if [ "$TARGETARCH" = "amd64" ]; then \
+      npx --yes @puppeteer/browsers install chrome-headless-shell@stable \
+        --path /root/.cache/puppeteer; \
+    else \
+      echo "Skipping chrome-headless-shell install on ${TARGETARCH} (linux64-only); using system chromium."; \
+    fi
 
 RUN npm install -g hyperframes@${HYPERFRAMES_VERSION}
 
-# Wrapper script: resolves chrome-headless-shell path at build time,
+# Wrapper script: resolves chrome-headless-shell path at build time when
-# sets PRODUCER_HEADLESS_SHELL_PATH at runtime so the engine uses
+# available so the engine uses BeginFrame rendering. On arm64 (no
-# BeginFrame rendering instead of falling back to system Chromium.
+# chrome-headless-shell) it leaves PRODUCER_HEADLESS_SHELL_PATH unset, so the
-RUN SHELL_PATH=$(find /root/.cache/puppeteer/chrome-headless-shell -name "chrome-headless-shell" -type f | head -1) \
+# engine falls back to PUPPETEER_EXECUTABLE_PATH (system chromium).
-    && printf '#!/bin/sh\nexport PRODUCER_HEADLESS_SHELL_PATH=%s\nexec hyperframes render "$@"\n' "$SHELL_PATH" > /usr/local/bin/hf-render \
+#
+# If TARGETARCH=amd64 and the binary is missing, fail the build loudly — the
+# previous (pre-PR) wrapper used an `&&` chain that crashed `docker build` in
+# this case, and silently downgrading to system chromium on amd64 would mask
+# golden-baseline regressions.
+RUN SHELL_PATH=$(find /root/.cache/puppeteer/chrome-headless-shell -name "chrome-headless-shell" -type f 2>/dev/null | head -1); \
+    if [ -n "$SHELL_PATH" ]; then \
+      printf '#!/bin/sh\nexport PRODUCER_HEADLESS_SHELL_PATH=%s\nexec hyperframes render "$@"\n' "$SHELL_PATH" > /usr/local/bin/hf-render; \
+    elif [ "$TARGETARCH" = "amd64" ]; then \
+      echo "ERROR: chrome-headless-shell binary not found on amd64 — @puppeteer/browsers install must have failed or moved its cache layout." >&2; \
+      exit 1; \
+    else \
+      printf '#!/bin/sh\nexec hyperframes render "$@"\n' > /usr/local/bin/hf-render; \
+    fi \
     && chmod +x /usr/local/bin/hf-render
 
 WORKDIR /project

packages/cli/src/utils/dockerRunArgs.test.ts

@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
 import { describe, expect, it } from "vitest";
-import { buildDockerRunArgs, type DockerRenderOptions } from "./dockerRunArgs.js";
+import {
+  buildDockerRunArgs,
+  resolveDockerPlatform,
+  type DockerRenderOptions,
+} from "./dockerRunArgs.js";
 
 const BASE: DockerRenderOptions = {
   fps: { num: 30, den: 1 },
@@ -18,6 +22,10 @@ const FIXED_INPUT = {
   projectDir: "/abs/proj",
   outputDir: "/abs/out",
   outputFilename: "out.mp4",
+  // Pin platform in tests so snapshots are arch-independent (otherwise they
+  // flip between linux/amd64 and linux/arm64 depending on the host running
+  // the test).
+  platform: "linux/amd64",
 };
 
 describe("buildDockerRunArgs", () => {
@@ -290,4 +298,80 @@ describe("buildDockerRunArgs", () => {
     const args = buildDockerRunArgs({ ...FIXED_INPUT, options: BASE });
     expect(args).not.toContain("--no-page-side-compositing");
   });
+
+  // Regression for #1193: an arm64 host (Apple Silicon) was being pinned to
+  // linux/amd64, which forced qemu emulation of chrome-headless-shell and
+  // produced either navigation timeouts or chrome SEGVs. Each host arch must
+  // land in its native --platform value.
+  it("emits linux/arm64 when host platform is arm64", () => {
+    const args = buildDockerRunArgs({
+      imageTag: "hyperframes-renderer:0.0.0-test",
+      projectDir: "/abs/proj",
+      outputDir: "/abs/out",
+      outputFilename: "out.mp4",
+      platform: "linux/arm64",
+      options: BASE,
+    });
+    const idx = args.indexOf("--platform");
+    expect(idx).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(0);
+    expect(args[idx + 1]).toBe("linux/arm64");
+  });
+
+  it("emits linux/amd64 when platform is explicitly amd64", () => {
+    const args = buildDockerRunArgs({ ...FIXED_INPUT, options: BASE });
+    const idx = args.indexOf("--platform");
+    expect(idx).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(0);
+    expect(args[idx + 1]).toBe("linux/amd64");
+  });
+});
+
+describe("resolveDockerPlatform", () => {
+  it("maps arm64 hosts to linux/arm64", () => {
+    expect(resolveDockerPlatform("arm64", {})).toBe("linux/arm64");
+  });
+
+  it("maps x64 hosts to linux/amd64", () => {
+    expect(resolveDockerPlatform("x64", {})).toBe("linux/amd64");
+  });
+
+  it("treats unknown architectures as linux/amd64 (safe default)", () => {
+    expect(resolveDockerPlatform("riscv64", {})).toBe("linux/amd64");
+  });
+
+  // Regression guard: the production call site is `resolveDockerPlatform()`
+  // with no args. If a refactor drops either default parameter, every other
+  // arch-mapping test would still pass — this one fails loudly.
+  it("uses process.arch and process.env when called with no arguments", () => {
+    const result = resolveDockerPlatform();
+    // Must equal the explicit-arg form (env override notwithstanding, which
+    // wouldn't be set in the test runner unless deliberately stubbed).
+    const expected = process.env.HYPERFRAMES_DOCKER_PLATFORM
+      ? process.env.HYPERFRAMES_DOCKER_PLATFORM
+      : resolveDockerPlatform(process.arch, {});
+    expect(result).toBe(expected);
+  });
+
+  it("honors HYPERFRAMES_DOCKER_PLATFORM override on an arm64 host (Rosetta-Node / parity-regen escape hatch)", () => {
+    expect(resolveDockerPlatform("arm64", { HYPERFRAMES_DOCKER_PLATFORM: "linux/amd64" })).toBe(
+      "linux/amd64",
+    );
+  });
+
+  it("honors HYPERFRAMES_DOCKER_PLATFORM override on an amd64 host", () => {
+    expect(resolveDockerPlatform("x64", { HYPERFRAMES_DOCKER_PLATFORM: "linux/arm64" })).toBe(
+      "linux/arm64",
+    );
+  });
+
+  it("trims whitespace from HYPERFRAMES_DOCKER_PLATFORM and ignores empty override", () => {
+    expect(resolveDockerPlatform("arm64", { HYPERFRAMES_DOCKER_PLATFORM: "  linux/amd64  " })).toBe(
+      "linux/amd64",
+    );
+    // Empty/whitespace-only override falls back to arch detection — important
+    // for shells where `export FOO=""` would otherwise pin platform to "".
+    expect(resolveDockerPlatform("arm64", { HYPERFRAMES_DOCKER_PLATFORM: "" })).toBe("linux/arm64");
+    expect(resolveDockerPlatform("arm64", { HYPERFRAMES_DOCKER_PLATFORM: "   " })).toBe(
+      "linux/arm64",
+    );
+  });
 });

packages/cli/src/utils/dockerRunArgs.ts

@@ -17,6 +17,16 @@ export interface DockerRunArgsInput {
   outputDir: string;
   /** Filename within `outputDir` (joined to /output inside the container). */
   outputFilename: string;
+  /**
+   * Docker `--platform` value (`linux/amd64` or `linux/arm64`). When omitted,
+   * resolves to the host architecture via `resolveDockerPlatform()`. Pinning
+   * to `linux/amd64` on an arm64 host (the legacy default) forces qemu
+   * emulation of chrome-headless-shell, which segfaults or stalls on Apple
+   * Silicon — see issue #1193. Native `linux/arm64` falls back to the
+   * system chromium baked into the image at the cost of byte-for-byte
+   * parity with amd64 renders.
+   */
+  platform?: string;
   options: DockerRenderOptions;
 }
 
@@ -44,13 +54,39 @@ export interface DockerRenderOptions {
   pageSideCompositing?: boolean;
 }
 
+/**
+ * Maps Node's `process.arch` to a Docker `--platform` string. We only emit
+ * the two architectures the renderer actively supports — arm64 hosts (Apple
+ * Silicon, Graviton, Ampere) and everything else (treated as amd64).
+ *
+ * Honors `HYPERFRAMES_DOCKER_PLATFORM` as an escape hatch (typed loosely so
+ * the override can target future platforms without a CLI release):
+ *
+ * - Apple Silicon users running an x64 Node binary under Rosetta (where
+ *   `process.arch === "x64"` despite the host being arm64) can set it to
+ *   `linux/arm64` to avoid re-triggering issue #1193.
+ * - Maintainers regenerating amd64 golden baselines on an arm64 host can set
+ *   it to `linux/amd64` to keep the byte-for-byte guarantee.
+ * - Users on remote daemons (`DOCKER_HOST=ssh://amd64-server`) can force the
+ *   actual daemon arch instead of relying on local `process.arch`.
+ */
+export function resolveDockerPlatform(
+  arch: string = process.arch,
+  env: NodeJS.ProcessEnv = process.env,
+): string {
+  const override = env.HYPERFRAMES_DOCKER_PLATFORM;
+  if (override && override.trim() !== "") return override.trim();
+  return arch === "arm64" ? "linux/arm64" : "linux/amd64";
+}
+
 export function buildDockerRunArgs(input: DockerRunArgsInput): string[] {
   const { imageTag, projectDir, outputDir, outputFilename, options } = input;
+  const platform = input.platform ?? resolveDockerPlatform();
   return [
     "run",
     "--rm",
     "--platform",
-    "linux/amd64",
+    platform,
     "--shm-size=2g",
     // GPU encoding requires host GPU passthrough.
     ...(options.gpu ? ["--gpus", "all"] : []),